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FAN5019B
6-Bit VID Controller 2-4 Phase VR10.X Controller
Features
* * * * * * * * * * Improved Noise Immunity Improved Load Line Accuracy TTL Compatible VID Inputs Fully Pin and Function compatible with existing FAN5019 and ADP3188 Controllers Precision Multi-Phase DC-DC Core Voltage Regulation - 10mV Output Voltage Accuracy Over Temperature Differential Remote Voltage Sensing Selectable 2-, 3-, or 4-Phase Operation Selectable VRM9 or VRM10 Operation Up to 1MHz per Phase Operation (4MHz ripple Frequency) Lossless Inductor Current Sensing for Loadline Compensation - External Temperature Compensation Accurate Loadline Programming (Meets Intel(R) VRM/VRD10.x CPU Specifications) Accurate Channel-Current Balancing for Thermal Optimization and Layout Compensation Convenient 12V Supply Biasing 6-bit Voltage Identification (VID) Input - .8375V to 1.600V in 12.5mV Steps - Dynamic VID Capability with Fault-Blanking for glitch-less Output voltage Changes Adjustable Over Current Protection with Programmable Latch-Off Delay. Latch-Off Function may be Disabled Over-Voltage Protection - Internal OVP Crowbar Protection Package: 28L-TSSOP
General Description
The FAN5019B is a multi-phase DC-DC controller for implementing high-current, low-voltage, CPU core power regulation circuits. It is part of a chipset that includes external MOSFET drivers and power MOSFETS. The FAN5019B drives up to four synchronous-rectified buck channels in parallel. The multi-phase buck converter architecture uses interleaved switching to multiply ripple frequency by the number of phases and reduce input and output ripple currents. Lower ripple results in fewer components, lower component cost, reduced power dissipation, and smaller board area. The FAN5019B features a high-bandwidth control loop to provide optimal response to load transients. The FAN5019B senses current using lossless techniques: Phase current is measured through each of the output inductors. This current information is summed, averaged and used to set the loadline of the output via programmable "droop." The droop is temperature compensated to achieve precise loadline characteristics over the entire operating range. Additionally, individual phase current is measured using the RDS(ON) of the low-side MOSFETs. This information is used to dynamically balance/steer per-phase current. The phase currents are also summed and averaged for over-current detection. Dynamic-VID technology allows on-the-fly VID changes with controlled, glitch-less output. Additionally, short-circuit protection, adjustable current limiting, over-voltage protection and power-good circuitry combine to ensure reliable and safe operation. FAN5019B is specified over the commercial temperature range of 0C to +85C and operates from a single +12V supply which simplifies design. FAN5019B is available in a 28L-TSSOP package.
* * * *
* * *
Applications
* VRM/VRD 9.x and 10.x Computer DC/DC Converter * High-Current, Low-Voltage DC/DC Rail
Block Diagram
VIN
1
FAN5009
2
FAN5019B
3
VIN
VOUT
4
FAN5009
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FAN5019B
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
Pin Assignments
VID4 VID3 VID2 VID1 VID0 VID5/SEL FBRTN FB COMP PWRGD EN DELAY RT RAMPADJ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 28 27 26 25 24 23
VCC PWM1 PWM2 PWM3 PWM4 SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4 GND CSCOMP CSSUM CSREF ILIMIT
FAN5019B TSSOP-28
22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15
Pin Definitions
Pin Number 1-5 Pin Name VID [4:0] Pin Function Description VID inputs. Determines the output voltage via the internal DAC. These inputs comply to VRM10/VRD10 specifications for static and dynamic operation. All have internal pull-ups (1.25V for VRM10 and 2.5V for VRM9) so leaving them open results in logic high. Leaving VID[4:0] open results in a "No CPU" condition disabling the PWM outputs. VID5 Input/DAC Select. Dual function pin that is either the 12.5mV DAC LSB for VRM10 or selects the VRM9 DAC codes when forced higher than Vtblsel(VRM9) voltage. The truth table is as follows: VVID5/SEL held > Vtblsel(VRM9); VRM9 DAC table is selected (See Table 3) VViD5/SEL < Vtblsel(VRM10); VRM10 DAC table is selected (See Table 2) and VViD5/SEL pin is used as VID5 input. 7 8 FBRTN FB Feedback Return. Error Amp and DAC reference point. Feedback Input. Inverting input for Error Amp this pin is used for external compensation. This pin can also be used to introduce DC offset voltage to the output. Error Amp output. This pin is used for external compensation. Power Good output. This is an open-drain output that asserts when the output voltage is within the specified tolerance. It is expected to be pulled up to an external voltage rail. Enable. Logic signal that enables the controller when logic high. Soft-start and Current Limit Delay. An external resistor and capacitor sets the softstart ramp rate and the over-current latch off delay. Switching Frequency Adjust. This pin adjusts the output PWM switching frequency via an external resistor. PWM Current Ramp Adjust. An external resistor to Vcc will adjust the amplitude of the internal PWM ramp. Current Limit Adjust. An external resistor sets the current limit threshold for the regulator circuit. This pin is internally pulled low when EN is low or the UVLO circuit is active. It is also used to enable the drivers.
6
VID5/SEL
9 10
COMP PWRGD
11 12 13 14 15
EN DELAY RT RAMPADJ ILIMIT
2
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PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
FAN5019B
Pin Definitions (continued)
Pin Number 16 17 18 Pin Name CSREF CSSUM CSCOMP Pin Function Description Current Sense Reference. Non-Inverting input of the current sense amp. Sense point for the output voltage used for OVP and PWRGD. Current Sense Summing node. Inverting input of the current sense amp. Current Sense Compensation node. Output of the current sense amplifier. This pin is used, in conjunction with CSSUM to set the output droop compensation and current loop response. Ground. Signal ground for the device. Phase Current Sense/Balance inputs. Phase-to-phase current sense and balancing inputs. Unused phases should be left open. PWM outputs. CMOS outputs for driving external gate driver such as the FAN5009. Unused phases should be connected to Ground. Chip Power. Bias supply for the chip. Connect directly to a +12V supply. Bypass with a 1F MLCC capacitor.
19 20-23 24-27 28
GND SW[4:1] PWM[4:1] VCC
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FAN5019B
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Absolute maximum ratings are the values beyond which the device may be damaged or have its useful life impaired. Functional operation under these conditions is not implied. Parameter Supply Voltage: VCC to GND Voltage on FBRTN pin Voltage on SW1-SW4 (<250ns duration) Voltage on SW1-SW4 (>=250ns duration) Voltage on RAMPADJ, CSSUM Voltage on any other pin Min. -0.3 -0.3 -5 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 Max. +15 +0.3 +25 +15 VCC+0.3 +5.5 Units V V V V V V
Thermal Information
Parameter Operating Junction Temperature (TJ) Storage Temperature Lead Soldering Temperature, 10 seconds Vapor Phase, 60 seconds Infrared, 15 seconds Power Dissipation (PD) @ TA = 25C Thermal Resistance (JA) (See Note 1) 50 Min. 0 -65 Typ Max. +150 +150 +300 +215 +220 2 Units C C C C C W C/W
Recommended Operating Conditions (See Figure 8)
Parameter Supply Voltage VCC Ambient Operating Temperature Operating Junction Temperature (TJ)
Note: 1: JA is defined as 1 oz. copper PCB with 1 in2 pad.
Conditions VCC to GND
Min. 10.2 0 0
Typ. 12
Max. 13.8 +85 +125
Units V C
4
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PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
FAN5019B
Electrical Specifications
(VCC = 12V, TA = 0C to +85C and FBRTN=GND, using circuit in Figure 1, unless otherwise noted.) The * denotes specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range.
Parameter Error Amplifier Output Voltage Range Accuracy VCOMP VFB Relative to DAC Setting, referenced to FBRTN, CSSUM = CSCOMP, Test Circuit 3 VCC=10V to 14V * * FB forced to VOUT - 3% COMP = FB ( See Note 2) CCOMP = 10pF ( See Note 2) VIL(VID) VIH(VID) IIL(VID) IIH(VID) RVID VRM10 VRM9 VRM10 VRM9 VID(X) = 0V VID(X) = 1.15V Internal VRM10 VRM9 VID Code Change to FB Change VID Code Change to 11111X to PWM going low Vtblsel To select VRM9 table To select VRM10 table (becomes VID5) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * TA = +25C, RT = 250k, 4-Phase TA = +25C, RT = 115k, 4-Phase TA = +25C, RT = 75k, 4-Phase RT = 100k to GND VRAMPADJ = Vdac = +2K * (Vin-Vdac)/ (Rr+2k) @ 20A Current into RAMPADJ pin CSSUM-CSREF, Test Circuit 1 COMP = FB ( See Note 2) * * * 0.8 2.0 -30 -2 35 1.0 2.2 400 400 4 3.5 200 155 200 400 600 2.0 4000 245 60 1.15 2.4 -20 2 115 1.26 2.6 300 -17 VRM10 VRM9 * * * 0.5 -10 -12 3.5 +10 +12 V mV Symbol Conditions Min. Typ. Max. Units
Line Regulation Input Bias Current FBRTN Current Output Current Gain Bandwidth Product DC Gain VID Inputs Input Low Voltage Input High Voltage Input Current, VID Low Input Current, VID High Pull-up Resistance Internal Pull-up Voltage VID Transition Delay Time2 "No CPU" Detection Turn-off Delay Time2 VID Table Select Oscillator Frequency Frequency Variation
VFB IFB IFBRTN IO(ERR) GBW
0.05 -15 150 500 20 77 0.4 0.8 -13 180
% A A A MHz dB V V V V A A k V V ns ns V V kHz kHz kHz kHz V mV A mV nA MHz
fOSC fPHASE
Output Voltage RAMPADJ Pin Accuracy RAMPADJ Input Current Current Sense Amplifier Offset Voltage Input Bias Current Gain Bandwidth Product
VRT VRAMPADJ IRAMPADJ VOS(CSA) IBIAS(CSA) GBW
* *
1.9 -50 0 -1.5 -50
2.1 +50 100 +1.5 +50
10
Notes: 1. All limits at operating temperature extremes are guaranteed by design, characterization and statistical quality control 2. Guaranteed by design - NOT tested in production.
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FAN5019B
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
Electrical Specifications (continued)
(VCC = 12V, TA = 0C to +85C and FBRTN=GND, using circuit in Figure 1, unless otherwise noted.) The * denotes specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range.
Parameter DC Gain Input Common Mode Range Positioning Accuracy Output Voltage Range Output Current Current Balance Circuit Input Operating Range Input Resistance Input Current Input Current Matching Current Limit Comparator ILIMIT Output Voltage Normal Mode In Shutdown Output Current, Normal Mode Maximum Output Current Current Limit Threshold Voltage Current Limit Setting Ratio Latch-off Delay Threshold Latch-off Delay Time Soft Start Output Current, Soft start Mode Soft Start Delay Time Enable Input Input Low Voltage Input High Voltage Input Current, EN Low Input Current, EN High Power Good Comparator Under voltage Threshold Over voltage Threshold Output Low Voltage VPWRGD(UV) VPWRGD(OV) VOL(PWRGD) Relative to DAC Output Relative to DAC Output IPWRGD(SINK) = 4mA * * * -325 90 -250 150 225 -200 200 400 mV mV mV VIL(EN) VIH(EN) IIL(EN) IIH(EN) EN = 0V EN = 1.25V * * * * 0.8 -1 10 1 25 0.4 V V A A IDELAY(SS) TDELAY(SS) During Start-up, DELAY < 2.8V RDELAY = 250k, CDELAY = 4.7nF, VID = 011111 (1.475V) * -25 -20 400 -15 A s VDELAY tDELAY VCL VILIMIT(NM) VILIMIT(SD) IILIMIT(NM) RILIMIT = 250k IILIMIT = -100A RILIMIT = 250k VIILIMIT = 3V VCSREF-VCSCOMP, RILIMIT = 250k VCL/IILIMIT In Current Limit RDELAY = 250k, CDELAY = 4.7nF * 1.7 * * 60 105 125 10.4 1.8 600 1.9 150 * * 2.9 3 12 3.1 400 V mV A A mV mV/A V s VSW(X)CM RSW(X) ISW(X) ISW(X) SW(X) = 0V SW(X) = 0V SW(X) = 0V * * * * -600 20 -10 -5 30 -7 +200 40 -4 +5 mV k A % IO(CSA) VFB Symbol ( See Note 2) CSSUM and CSREF COMP = FB, Test Circuit 2 ICSCOMP = 100A FB forced to VOUT - 3% Source/Sink * * * 0 -84 0.1 300 375 -80 Conditions Min. Typ. 77 3 -76 3.3 Max. Units dB V mV V A
Notes: 1. All limits at operating temperature extremes are guaranteed by design, characterization and statistical quality control 2. Guaranteed by design - NOT tested in production.
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PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
FAN5019B
Electrical Specifications (continued)
(VCC = 12V, TA = 0C to +85C and FBRTN=GND, using circuit in Figure 1, unless otherwise noted.) The * denotes specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range.
Parameter Power Good Delay Time Initial Start Up VID Code Changing VID Code Static Crowbar Trip Point Crowbar Reset Point Crowbar Delay Time VID Code Changing VID Code Static PWM Outputs Output Voltage Low Output Voltage High Input Supply DC Supply Current UVLO Threshold UVLO Hysteresis UVLO Threshold Falling VUVLO EN = Logic High Vcc Rising (Vcc = 12V input) * * * * 6.5 0.7 5.6 7.0 5 6.9 10 7.8 mA V V VOL(PWM) VOH(PWM) IPWM(SINK) = 400A IPWM(SOURCE) = 400A * * 4 160 5 500 5.5 mV V tCROWBAR Over voltage to PWM Going Low VCROWBAR Relative to Nominal DAC Output Relative to FBRTN Symbol Conditions * 1 100 * * * 90 450 100 10 250 200 150 550 250 400 200 650 500 600 ms s ns mV mV s ns Min. Typ. Max. Units
Notes: 1. All limits at operating temperature extremes are guaranteed by design, characterization and statistical quality control 2. Guaranteed by design - NOT tested in production.
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FAN5019B
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
Internal Block Diagram
VCC 28 RT 14 RAMPADJ 13
EN 11
UVLO Shutdown & Bias
2K
Oscillator
GND 19 DAC +150mV CSREF CMP
CMP
SET RESET
EN 27 PWM1
CMP
DAC -250mV CMP
Phase Current Balancing Circuit
RESET
26 PWM2
CMP
2/3/4 Phase Driver Logic
RESET 25 PWM3
CMP RESET CROWBAR CURRENT LIMIT 23 SW1 22 SW2 24 PWM4
PWRGD 10
Delay
21 SW3 20 SW4
ILIMIT 15 EN
Current Limit Circuit
17 CSSUM CSA 16 CSREF 18 CSCOMP
DELAY 12
Soft Start
COMP 9 Error Amp + -
8
FB
VID DAC
REF 7 FBRTN 1 2 3 4 5 6
Sel VRM9 Table
3.75V
VID4 VID3 VID2
VID1 VID0 VID5
8
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PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
FAN5019B
Typical Characteristics
4 MASTER CLOCK FREQUENCY (MHz) 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 100 200 300 400 RESISTOR'S RT VALUE (k) SUPPLY CURRENT (mA) 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.6 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 MASTER CLOCK FREQUENCY (MHz) TA = 25 C 4-Phase Operation
TPC 1. Master Clock Frequency
TPC 2. Supply Current vs. Master Clock Frequency
Test Circuits
+12V 28 18 39k 1k 16 CSREF 1V 19 GND
VID2
VCC CSCOMP
FAN5019B
VID4 1 VID4 2 VID3 3 VID2 4 VID1 5 VID0 6 VID5 7 FBRTN 8 FB VCC 28 100nF PWM1 27 PWM2 26 PWM3 25 PWM4 24 SW1 23 SW2 22 SW3 21 SW4 20 GND 19 CSCOMP 18 20k 12 DELAY CSSUM 17 CSREF 16 100nF 1F +12V
100nF
17 CSSUM
CSA
VID3
VOS =
CSCOMP-1V 40
VID1 VID0 VID5
Test Circuit 1. Current Sense Amplifier VOS
+12V
28 VCC 8 FB
9 COMP 1k 10 PWRGD 11 EN
10k 9 COMP
200k
18 CSCOMP 100nF 17 CSSUM CSREF
200k
CSA
4.7nF
250k 13 RT
80mV
16 19
14 RAMPADJ ILIMIT 15
GND
1V
VFB = FB - VVID
250k
Test Circuit 2. Voltage Positioning
Test Circuit 3. Closed Loop Output Voltage Accuracy
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9
10
VIN
L4
FAN5019B
+12V
+12V
U1 FAN5009
4 C4 6 PGND BOOT C8 3 RLIM 2 PWM R19 LDRV 28 VCC RR 14 RAMPADJ PWM1 27 10 PWRGD PWM2 26 ILIMIT 15 5 Q4 Q5 C12 OD SW 7 CX CZ 1 L1 VCC 8 HDRV Q1 C1
CIN
Application Circuit
Vcc CORE 0.8375V - 1.600V 74A DC, 93A Peak
R1
C7
PWRGD
+12V
U2 FAN5009
VIN
EN 6 VID5/SEL PWM4 24 4 RSW1 1 VID4 6 RSW2 SW2 22 RSW3 SW3 21 2 PWM SW4 20 RPH3 5 VID0 CCS 12 DELAY CSCOMP 18 13 RT 19 GND CFB 7 FBRTN CB FB 8 RB COMP 9 RA CA 4 C6 6 3 RB1 2 PGND BOOT OD PWM SW LDRV 1 C10 7 5 CSREF 16 RTH* RCS1 RCS2 CSSUM 17 RPH2 RPH1 3 LDRV OD SW 7 5 PGND BOOT 1 C9 2 VID3 3 VID2 4 VID1 SW1 23 C5 VCC 8 HDRV
11 EN
PWM3 25 Q2 C2 L2
R5
C13 Q6 Q7 R20
U4 FAN5019B +12V
U3 FAN5009
VCC HDRV 8
VIN
RDLY
CDLY
RT
Q3
C3 L3
C14 Q8 Q9 R21
Note: The design shown in this datasheet should be used as a reference only. Please contact your Fairchild sales representative for the latest information.
Figure 1. Typical Application - 3-phase, 65A (DC), 74A (Peak) VRD/VRM10 Design
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
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PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
FAN5019B
Bill of Materials
Table 1. FAN5019B VRM/VRD10 Application Bill of Materials for Figure 1
Ref U4 U1-3 Q1-3 Q4-9 L1-3 L4 R1 RR RDLY, RT R5 RPH1-3 RA, RCS2 RB1 RB RSW1-3 RCS1 RLIM R19-21 RTH C1-7 C8-10 C12-14, CCS CDLY CB CA CFB CX CZ CIN Qty 1 3 3 6 3 1 1 3 1 3 2 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 7 3 4 1 1 1 1 8 22 6 Description VR10, Multi-Phase Controller Sync MOSFET Driver, 12V/12V N-MOSFET, 30V, 50A, 8m N-MOSFET, 30V, 75A, 5m Inductor, 650nH, 26A, 1.6m Inductor, 630nH, 15A, 1.7m 10, 5% 301k, 1% 15.0k, 1% 100k, 1% 24.9k, 1% 10, 1% 1.33k, 1% 0, 5% 37.4k, 1% 200k, 1% 1.5, 5% NTC Thermistor, 100k, 5% 1.0F, 25V, 10% X7R 0.1F, 50V, 10% X7R 4700pF, 25V, 10% X7R 0.047F, 25V, 10% X7R 2200pF, 25V, 10% X7R 470pF, 50V, 10% X7R 100pF, 50V, 5% NPO 820F, 2.5V, 20% 7m, POLY 10F, 6.3V, 20% X5R 470F, 16V, 20%, 36m, Alum-Elec Rubycon 16MBZ470M Fujitsu FP-2R5RE821M Panasonic ERT-J1V V104J Manufacturer/Number Fairchild FAN5019B Fairchild FAN5009 Fairchild FDD6696 Fairchild FDD6682 Micrometals T50-8B/90, 5T, 16AWG Inter-Technical AK1418160052A-R63M
Note: The design shown in this datasheet should be used as a reference only. Please contact your Fairchild sales representative for the latest information.
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FAN5019B
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
Table 2. VRM10 VID Codes
VID4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 VID3 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 VID2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 VID1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 VID0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 VID5 X 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 VOUT (nominal) No CPU 0.8375 V 0.8500 V 0.8625 V 0.8750 V 0.8875 V 0.9000 V 0.9125 V 0.9250 V 0.9375 V 0.9500 V 0.9625 V 0.9750 V 0.9875 V 1.0000 V 1.0125 V 1.0250 V 1.0375 V 1.0500 V 1.0625 V 1.0750 V 1.0875 V 1.1000 V 1.1125 V 1.1250 V 1.1375 V 1.1500 V 1.1625 V 1.1750 V 1.1875 V 1.2000 V 1.2125 V 1.2250 V 1.2375 V 1.2500 V 1.2625 V 1.2750 V 1.2875 V 1.3000 V 1.3125 V 1.3250 V
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PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
FAN5019B
Table 2. VRM10 VID Codes (continued)
VID4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 VID3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 VID2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 VID1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 VID0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 VID5 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 VOUT (nominal) 1.3375 V 1.3500 V 1.3625 V 1.3750 V 1.3875 V 1.4000 V 1.4125 V 1.4250 V 1.4375 V 1.4500 V 1.4625 V 1.4750 V 1.4875 V 1.5000 V 1.5125 V 1.5250 V 1.5375 V 1.5500 V 1.5625 V 1.5750 V 1.5875 V 1.6000 V
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FAN5019B
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
Table 3. VRM9 VID Codes
VID4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 VID3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 VID2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 VID1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 VID0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 VOUT (nominal) No CPU 1.100 V 1.125 V 1.150 V 1.175 V 1.200 V 1.225 V 1.250 V 1.275 V 1.300 V 1.325 V 1.350 V 1.375 V 1.400 V 1.425 V 1.450 V 1.475 V 1.500 V 1.525 V 1.550 V 1.575 V 1.600 V 1.625V 1.650V 1.675V 1.700V 1.725V 1.750V 1.775V 1.800V 1.825V 1.850V
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PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
FAN5019B
General Description
Note: The information in this section is intended to assist users in their design and understanding of the FAN5019B functionality. For clarity and ease of understanding, device parameters have been included in the text. In the event there are discrepancies between values stated in this section and the actual specification tables, the specification tables shall be deemed correct. mal operation. After this time, if the PWM output was not grounded, then it will operate normally. If the PWM output was grounded, then it will remain off. The PWM outputs become logic-level output devices once normal operation starts, and are intended for driving external gate drivers. Since each phase is monitored independently, operation approaching 100% duty cycle is possible. Also, more than one output can be on at a time for overlapping phases. Master Clock Frequency The clock frequency of the FAN5019B is set with an external resistor connected from the RT pin to ground. The frequency follows the graph shown in TPC 1. To determine the frequency per phase, the clock is divided by the number of phases in use. If PWM4 is grounded, then divide the master clock by 3 and if both PWM3 and 4 are grounded, then divide by 2. If all phases are in use, divide by 4. Output Voltage Differential Sensing The FAN5019B provides a high accuracy VID DAC and error-amplifier to maintain a 10 mV output setpoint tolerance over temperature. Output voltage is differentially sensed between the FB and FBRTN pins. FB should be connected through a resistor to the regulation point, usually the remote sense pin of the microprocessor. FBRTN should be connected directly to the remote sense ground point. The internal VID DAC and precision reference are referenced to FBRTN, which has a typical current of 150A, to allow accurate remote sensing. The internal error amplifier compares the output of the DAC to the FB pin to regulate the output voltage. Output Current Sensing The FAN5019B provides a dedicated current sense amplifier (CSA) to monitor the total output current for proper voltage positioning versus load current and for current limit detection. Sensing the load current at the output gives the total average current being delivered to the load, which is an inherently more accurate method than peak current detection or sampling the current across a sense element such as the low side MOSFET. There are several ways of configuring this amplifier depending on the objectives of the system: * Output inductor DCR sensing without thermistor for lowest cost * Output inductor DCR sensing with thermistor for improved accuracy with tracking of inductor temperature * Sense resistors for highest accuracy measurements The positive input of the CSA is connected to the CSREF pin, which is connected to the output voltage. The inputs to the amplifier are summed together through resistors from the sensing element (such as the switch node side of the output inductors) to the inverting input, CSSUM. The feedback resistor between CSCOMP and CSSUM sets the gain of the 15
Theory of Operation
The FAN5019B combines a multi-mode, fixed-frequency PWM control with multi-phase logic outputs for use in 2, 3 and 4 phase synchronous buck CPU core supply power converters. If VID5 is pulled up to a voltage greater than VTBLSEL, then the DAC code corresponds to VRM9. Multi-phase operation is important for producing the high currents and low voltages demanded by today's microprocessors. Handling the high currents in a single-phase converter would place high thermal demands on the components in the system, such as the inductors and MOSFETs. The internal 6-bit VID DAC conforms to Intel's VRD/VRM 10 specifications. The multi-mode control of the FAN5019B ensures a stable, high-performance topology for: * Balancing currents and thermals between phases * High speed response at the lowest possible switching frequency and output decoupling * Minimizing thermal switching losses due to lower frequency operation * Tight load line regulation and accuracy * High current output from having up to 4 phase operation * Reducing output ripple due to multi-phase cancellation * PC board layout noise immunity * Ease of use and design due to independent component selection * Flexibility in operation for tailoring design to low cost or high performance Number of Phases The number of operational phases and their phase relationship is determined by internal circuitry which monitors the PWM outputs. Normally, the FAN5019B operates as a 4phase PWM controller. Grounding the PWM4 pin programs a 3-phase operation; grounding the PWM3 and PWM4 pins programs a 2-phase operation. When the FAN5019B is initially enabled, the controller outputs a voltage on PWM3 and PWM4 of approximately 550mV. An internal comparator checks each pin's voltage versus a threshold of 400mV. If the pin is grounded, then it will be below the threshold and the phase will be disabled. The output impedance of the PWM pin is approximately 5k. Any external pull-down resistance connected to the PWM pin should not be less than 25k to ensure proper operation. The phase detection is made prior to starting norREV. 1.0.0 Jul/15/05
FAN5019B
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
amplifier, and a filter capacitor is placed in parallel with this resistor. The amplifier's gain is programmable by adjusting the feedback resistor to set the load line required by the microprocessor. The current information is then given as the difference of CSREF -CSCOMP. This difference signal is used internally to offset the VID DAC for voltage positioning and as a differential input for the current limit comparator. To provide the best accuracy for the current sensing, the CSA is designed to have a low offset input voltage. Also, external resistors determine the sensing gain so that it can be made extremely accurate and flexible. Active Impedance Control Mode For controlling the output voltage droop as a function of output current, the current sense amplifier (CSA) creates a voltage signal proportional to the total inductor currents. External components determine the ratio of this voltage to the output current to allow it to be adjusted to set the required load line. Inside the chip the CSA output voltage is subtracted from the DAC voltage which then is used for the reference to the error amplifier. As the output current increases the reference to the error amp decreases causing the output voltage to decrease accordingly.
not change during balancing). Increasing RSW to only 500 will substantially increase the phase current. Increase each RSW value by small amounts to achieve balance, starting with the coolest phase first. Voltage Control Mode The voltage-mode control loop uses a high gain-bandwidth voltage mode error amplifier. The control input voltage to the positive input is set via the VID 6-bit logic code, according to the voltages listed in Table 1. This voltage is also offset by the droop voltage for active positioning of the output voltage as a function of current, commonly known as active voltage positioning. The output of the amplifier is the COMP pin, which sets the termination voltage for the internal PWM ramps. The negative input (FB) is tied to the output sense location with a resistor RB and is used for sensing and controlling the output voltage at this point. A current source from the FB pin flowing through RB is used for setting the no-load offset voltage from the VID voltage. The no-load voltage will be negative with respect to the VID DAC. The main loop compensation is incorporated in the feedback network between FB and COMP. Soft-Start The power-on ramp up time of the output voltage is set with a capacitor and resistor in parallel from the DELAY pin to ground. The RC time constant also determines the current limit latch off time as explained in the following section. In UVLO or when EN is a logic low, the DELAY pin is held at ground. After the UVLO threshold is reached and EN is a logic high, the DELAY cap is charged up with an internal 20A current source. The output voltage follows the ramping voltage on the DELAY pin, limiting the inrush current. The soft-start time depends on the value of VID DAC and CDLY, with a secondary effect from RDLY. Refer to the Application Information section for detailed information on setting CDLY. If EN is taken low or VCC drops below UVLO, the DELAY cap is reset to ground to be ready for another soft start cycle. Figure 1 shows a typical start-up sequence for the FAN5019B. Over Current Limit and Latch-off Protection The FAN5019B compares a programmable current limit set point to the voltage from the output of the current sense amplifier. The level of current limit is set with the resistor from the ILIMIT pin to ground. During normal operation, the voltage on ILIMIT is 3V. The current through the external resistor is internally scaled to give a current limit threshold of approximately 10.4mV/A. If the difference in voltage between CSREF and CSCOMP rises above the current limit threshold, the internal current limit amplifier will control the internal COMP voltage to maintain the average output current at the limit.
Current Control Mode and Thermal Balance The FAN5019B has individual inputs for each phase which are used for monitoring the current in each phase. This information is combined with an internal ramp to create a current balancing feedback system that is optimized for initial current balance accuracy and dynamic thermal balancing during operation. This current balance information is independent of the average output current information used for positioning described previously. The magnitude of the internal ramp can be set to optimize the transient response of the system. It also monitors the supply voltage for feed-forward control for changes in the supply. A resistor connected from the power input voltage to the RAMPADJ pin determines the slope of the internal PWM ramp. Detailed information about programming the ramp is given in the Application Information section. External resistors can be placed in series with individual phases to create an intentional current imbalance if desired, such as when one phase may have better cooling and can support higher currents. Resistors RSW1 through RSW4 (see the typical application circuit in Figure 4) can be used for adjusting FET thermal and current balance. Zero ohm placeholder resistors should be provided in the initial layout to allow the phase balance to be adjusted during design fine tuning. To increase the current in any given phase, make RSW for that phase larger (make RSW = 0 for the hottest phase and do
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PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
FAN5019B
Figure 2. Start-Up Waveforms
Figure 3. Overcurent Latch Off Waveform
Circuit of Figure 5Circuit of Figure 5 Channel 1 - Vout, Channel 2 - VccChannel 1 - Vcc, Channel 2 - Vout Channel 3 - OD, Channel 4 - Delay pinChannel 3 - OD, Channel 4 - Delay pin After the limit is reached, the 3V pull-up on the DELAY pin is disconnected, and the external delay capacitor is discharged through the external resistor. A comparator monitors the DELAY voltage and shuts off the controller when the voltage drops below 1.8V. Therefore, the RC time constant discharging from 3V to 1.8V sets the current limit latch off delay time. The Application Information section discusses the selection of CDLY and RDLY. Because the controller continues to cycle the phases during the latch-off delay time, if the short is removed before the 1.8V threshold is reached, the controller will return to normal operation. The recovery characteristic depends on the state of PWRGD. If the output voltage is within the PWRGD window, the controller resumes normal operation. However, if a short circuit has caused the output voltage to drop below the PWRGD threshold, then a soft-start cycle is initiated. The latch-off function can be reset by either cycling VCC to the FAN5019B, or by cycling the Enable pin low for a short time. To disable the short circuit latch off function, the external resistor to ground should be left open, and a 1M resistor should be connected from VCC to the DELAY pin. This prevents the DELAY capacitor from discharging, so the 1.8V threshold is never reached. The resistor will have an impact on the soft-start time because the current through it will add to the internal 20A current source. During start-up when the output voltage is below 200mV, a secondary current limit is active. This is necessary because the voltage swing of CSCOMP cannot go below ground. This secondary current limit controls the internal COMP voltage to the PWM comparators to 2V. This will limit the voltage drop across the low-side MOSFETs through the current balance circuitry. There is also an inherent per phase current limit that will protect individual phases if one or more phases stops functioning because of a faulty component. This limit is based on the maximum normal-mode COMP voltage.
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Dynamic VID The FAN5019B incorporates the ability to dynamically change the VID input while the controller is running. This allows the output voltage to change while the supply is running and supplying current to the load. This is commonly referred to as VID-on-the-fly (OTF). A VID-OTF can occur under either light load or heavy load conditions. The processor signals the controller by changing the VID inputs in multiple steps from the start code to the finish code. This change can be either positive or negative. When a VID input changes state, the FAN5019B detects the change and ignores the DAC inputs for a minimum of 400ns. This time is to prevent a false code due to logic skew while the six VID inputs are changing. Additionally, the first VID change initiates the PWRGD and CROWBAR blanking functions for a minimum of 250s to prevent a false PWRGD or CROWBAR event. Each VID change will reset the internal timer. Figure 4 shows the VID on-the-fly performance when the output voltage is stepping up and the output current is switching between minimum and maximum values which is the worst-case situation.
Figure 4. VID On-the-Fly Waveforms, Circuit of Figure 5, VID Change = 5mV, 5s, 50 steps, IOUT Change = 5A to 65A
17
FAN5019B
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
Power Good Monitoring The Power Good comparator monitors the output voltage via the CSREF pin. The PWRGD pin is an open drain output whose high level (when connected to a pull-up resistor) indicates that the output voltage is within the nominal limits specified in the specifications table based on the VID voltage setting. PWRGD will go low if the output voltage is outside of this specified range. PWRGD is blanked during a VID OTF event for a period of 250s to prevent false signals during the time the output is changing. Output Crowbar As part of the protection for the load and output components of the supply, the PWM outputs will be driven low (turning on the low-side MOSFETs) when the output voltage exceeds the upper Power Good threshold. This crowbar action will stop once the output voltage has fallen below the release threshold of approximately 550mV. Turning on the low-side MOSFETs pulls down the output voltage as the reverse current builds up in the inductors. If the output overvoltage is due to a short of the high-side MOSFET, this action will current limit the input supply or blow its fuse, protecting the microprocessor from destruction. Output Enable and UVLO The input supply (VCC) to the controller must be higher than the UVLO threshold and the EN pin must be higher then its logic threshold for the FAN5019B to begin switching. If UVLO is less than the threshold or the EN pin is a logic low, the FAN5019B is disabled. This holds the PWM outputs at ground, shorts the DELAY capacitor to ground, and holds the ILIMIT pin at ground. In the application circuit, the ILIMIT pin should be connected to the output disable pins of the FAN5009 drivers. Because ILIMIT is grounded, this disables the drivers such that both DRVH and DRVL are grounded. This feature is important to prevent discharging of the output capacitors when the controller is shut off. If the driver outputs were not disabled, then a negative voltage could be generated on the output due to the high current discharge of the output capacitors through the inductors.
Application Information
The design parameters for a typical Intel VRD10.x-compliant CPU application are as follows: * * * * * * * * * * * Input voltage (VIN) = 12V VID setting voltage (VVID) = 1.500V Duty cycle (D) = 0.125 Nominal output voltage at no load (VONL) = 1.480V Nominal output voltage at 65A load (VOFL) = 1.3955V Static output voltage drop based on a 1.3 m load line (RO) from no load to full load (VD) = VONL - VOFL = 1.480V - 1.3955V = 84.5mV Maximum output current (IO) = 65A Maximum output current step (IO) = 60A Number of phases (n) = 3 Switching frequency per phase (fSW) = 228 kHz
Setting the Clock Frequency
The FAN5019B uses a fixed-frequency control architecture with the frequency being set by an external timing resistor (RT). The clock frequency and the number of phases determine the switching frequency per phase, which relates directly to switching losses and the sizes of the inductors and input and output capacitors. With n = 3 for three phases, a clock frequency of 684kHz sets the switching frequency of each phase, fSW, to 228kHz, which represents a practical trade-off between the switching losses and the sizes of the output filter components. TPC 1 shows that to achieve a 684kHz oscillator frequency, the correct value for RT is 301k. Alternatively, the value for RT can be calculated using:
RT =
(n x f SW x 5 pF ) - 110nS
1
(1)
where 5.0pF and 110nS are internal IC component values. For good initial accuracy and frequency stability, it is recommended to use a 1% resistor.
Soft-Start and Current Limit Latch-Off Delay Times
Because the soft-start and current limit latch off delay functions share the DELAY pin, these two parameters must be considered together. The first step is to set CDLY for the soft-start ramp. This ramp is generated with a 20A internal current source. The value of RDLY will have a second order impact on the soft-start time because it sinks part of the current source to ground. However, as long as RDLY is kept greater than 200k, this effect is minor. The value for CDLY can be approximated using:
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PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
FAN5019B
VVID C DLY = 20A - 2 x RDLY
t SS x VVID
(2)
where tSS is the desired soft-start time. Assuming an RDLY of 301k and a desired a soft-start time of 3ms, CDLY is 35nF. A close standard value for CDLY is 47nF. Once CDLY has been chosen, RDLY can be calculated for the current limit latch-off time using:
RDLY = 1.96 x t DELAY C DLY
The smallest possible inductor should be used to minimize the number of output capacitors. Choosing a 650nH inductor is a good choice for a starting point and gives a calculated ripple current of 8.86A. The inductor should not saturate at the peak current of 26.1A and should be able to handle the sum of the power dissipation caused by the average current of 21.7A in the winding and core loss. Another important factor in the inductor design is the DC Resistance (DCR), which is used for measuring the phase currents. A large DCR will cause excessive power losses, while too small a value will lead to increased measurement error. A good rule of thumb is to have the DCR be about 1 to 1 1/2 times the droop resistance (RO). For our example, we are using an inductor with a DCR of 1.6 m.
(3)
If the result for RDLY is less than 200k, then a smaller softstart time should be considered by recalculating the equation for CDLY or a longer latch-off time should be used. RDLY should never be less than 200k. In this example, a delay time of 8ms gives RDLY = 334k. A close standard 1% value is 301k.
Designing an Inductor
Once the inductance and Direct-Current resistance (DCR) are known, the next step is either to design an inductor or find a standard inductor that comes as close as possible to meeting the overall design goals. It is also important to have the inductance and DCR tolerance specified to keep the accuracy of the system controlled. Using 15% for the inductance and 8% for the DCR (at room temperature) are reasonable tolerances that most manufacturers can meet. The first decision in designing the inductor is to choose the core material. There are several possibilities for providing low core loss at high frequencies. Two examples are the powder cores (e.g., Kool-Mm(R) from Magnetics, Inc. or Micrometals) and the gapped soft ferrite cores (e.g., 3F3 or 3F4 from Philips). Low-frequency powdered iron cores should be avoided due to their high core loss, especially when the inductor value is relatively low and the ripple current is high. The best choice for a core geometry is a closed-loop type, such as pot cores, PQ, U, and E cores, or toroids. A good compromise between price and performance are cores with a toroidal shape. There are many useful references for quickly designing a power inductor, such as: Magnetics Design References 1. Magnetic Designer Software: Intusoft (www.intusoft.com) 2. Designing Magnetic Components for High-Frequency DC-DC Converters, by William T. McLyman, Kg Magnetics, Inc. ISBN 1883107008
Inductor Selection
The choice of inductance value for the inductor determines the ripple current in the inductor. Less inductance leads to more ripple current, which increases the output ripple voltage and conduction losses in the MOSFETs, but allows the use of smaller-size inductors and, for a specified peak-topeak transient deviation, less total output capacitance. Conversely, a higher inductance means lower ripple current and reduced conduction losses, but requires larger inductors and more output capacitance for the same peak-to-peak transient deviation. In any multi-phase converter, a practical value for the peak-to-peak inductor ripple current is less than 50% of the maximum DC current in the same inductor. Equation 4 shows the relationship between the inductance, oscillator frequency, and peak-to-peak ripple current in the inductor. Equation 5 can be used to determine the minimum inductance based on a given output ripple voltage:
IR = VO x (1 - D ) f SW x L
(4)
L
VVID x RO x (1 - (n x D )) f SW x VRIPPLE
(5)
Solving Equation 5 for a 10 mVp-p output ripple voltage yields:
L
1.5V x 1.3m x (1 - 0.375 ) = 534 nH 228 kHz x 10 mV
If the ripple voltage ends up less than that designed for, the inductor can be made smaller until the ripple value is met. This will allow optimal transient response and minimum output decoupling.
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19
FAN5019B
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
Selecting a Standard Inductor
The companies listed below can provide design consultation and deliver power inductors optimized for high power applications upon request. Power Inductor Manufacturers * Coilcraft (847)639-6400 www.coilcraft.com * Coiltronics (561)752-5000 www.coiltronics.com * Sumida Electric Company (510) 668-0660 www.sumida.com * Vishay Intertechnology (402) 563-6866 www.vishay.com
It is best to have a dual location for CCS in the layout so standard values can be used in parallel to get as close to the value desired. For this example, choosing CCS to be 4.7nF is a good choice. For best accuracy, CCS should be a 5% or 10% NPO capacitor. A close standard 1% value for RPH(X) is 100k.
Inductor DCR Temperature Correction
With the inductor's DCR being used as the sense element, and copper wire being the source of the DCR, one needs to compensate for temperature changes of the inductor's winding. Fortunately, copper has a well-known temperature coefficient (TC) of 0.39%/C. If RCS is designed to have an opposite and equal percentage change in resistance to that of the wire, it will cancel the temperature variation of the inductor's DCR. Due to the nonlinear nature of NTC thermistors, resistors RCS1 and RCS2 are needed (see Figure 5) to linearize the NTC and produce the desired temperature tracking.
To VOUT sense To Switch Nodes RTH Place as close as possible to nearest inductor or low-side MOSFET
Output Droop Resistance
The design requires that the regulator output voltage measured at the CPU pins drops when the output current increases. The specified voltage drop corresponds to a DC output resistance (RO). The output current is measured by summing together the voltage across each inductor and then passing the signal through a low-pass filter. This summer-filter is the CS amplifier configured with resistors RPH(X) (summers), and RCS and CCS (filter). The output resistance of the regulator is set by the following equations, where RL is the DCR of the output inductors:
RPH3
RPH2
RPH1
RCS2
RCS1 18 CCS 1.8nF
CSCOMP CSSUM CSREF
Keep this path as short as possible and well away from Switch Node lines
17 16
CSA
Figure 5. Temperature Compensation Circuit
The following procedure and expressions will yield values to use for RCS1, RCS2, and RTH (the thermistor value at 25C) for a given RCS value. 1. Select an NTC to be used based on type and value. Since we do not have a value yet, start with a thermistor with a value close to RCS. The NTC should also have an initial tolerance of better than 5%. Based on the type of NTC, find its relative resistance value at two temperatures. The temperatures to use that work well are 50C and 90C. We will call these resistance values A (RTH(50C))/RTH(25C)) and B (RTH(90C)/ RTH(25C)). Note that the NTC's relative value is always 1 at 25C. Next, find the relative value of RCS required for each of these temperatures. This is based on the percentage change needed, which we will initially make 0.39%/C. We will call these r1 and r2 where:
r1 =
RO =
RCS x RL RPH ( X )
L RL x RCS
(6)
CCS =
(7)
One has the flexibility of choosing either RCS or RPH(X). It is best to select RCS equal to 100k, and then solve for RPH(X) by rearranging Equation 6.
RPH ( X ) = RL x RCS RO
2.
3.
RPH ( X ) 1.6m = x 100 k = 123k 1.3m
Next, use Equation 7 to solve for CCS:
CCS = 650nH = 4.06nF 1.6 m x 100k
(1 + TC x (T1 - 25))
1
TC = 0.0039
1 r2 = (1 + TC x (T2 - 25))
T1 = 50C T2 = 90C
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PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
FAN5019B
4.
Compute the relative values for RCS1, RCS2, and RTH using:
rCS2 =
( A - B) x r1 x r2 - A x (1- B) x r2 + B x (1- A) x r1 A x (1- B) x r1 - B x (1 - A) x r2 - ( A - B)
(1 - A) 1 A - 1 - rCS 2 r1 - rCS 2
1 1 1 - rCS -
2
COUT Selection The required output decoupling for the regulator is typically recommended by Intel for various processors and platforms. There are also some simple design guidelines to determine what is required. These guidelines are based on having both bulk and ceramic capacitors in the system. The first step is to select the total amount of ceramic capacitance. This is based on the number and type of capacitor to be used. The best location for ceramics is inside the socket, with 12 to 18 of size 1206 being the physical limit. Others can be placed along the outer edge of the socket as well. Combined ceramic values of 200F-300F are recommended, usually made up of multiple 10F or 22F capacitors. Select the number of ceramics and find the total ceramic capacitance (CZ). Next, there is an upper limit imposed on the total amount of bulk capacitance (CX) when one considers the VID on-thefly voltage stepping of the output (voltage step VV in time tV with error VERR) and a lower limit based on meeting the critical capacitance for load release for a given maximum load step IO:
rCS 1 =
(8)
rTH =
1 rCS 1
5.
Calculate RTH = rTH x RCS, then select the closest value of thermistor available. Also compute a scaling factor k based on the ratio of the actual thermistor value used relative to the computed one:
k=
6.
RTH ( ACTUAL ) RTH ( CALCULATED )
(9)
Finally, calculate values for RCS1 and RCS2 using the following:
RCS 1 = RCS x k x rCS 1
RCS 2 = RCS x ((1 - k ) + (k x rCS 2 ))
(10)
L x IO CX ( MIN ) n x R xV - CZ O VID
CX ( MAX )
2 V L V nKRO - 1 - CZ x V x 1 + tV VID x 2 V nK 2 RO VVID L V
(12)
(13)
For this example, RCS has been chosen to be 100k, so we start with a thermistor value of 100k. Looking through available 0603 size thermistors, we find a Panasonic ERT-J1VV104J NTC thermistor with A = 0.2954 and B = 0.05684. From these we compute RCS1 = 0.3304, RCS2 = 0.7426 and RTH = 1.165. Solving for RTH yields 116.5 k, so we choose 100k, making k = 0.8585. Finally, we find RCS1 and RCS2 to be 28.4k and 77.9k. Choosing the closest 1% resistor values yields a choice of 35.7k and 73.2k. Output Offset Intel's specification requires that at no load the nominal output voltage of the regulator be offset to a lower value than the nominal voltage corresponding to the VID code. The offset is set by a constant current source flowing out of the FB pin (IFB) and flowing through RB. The value of RB can be found using Equation 11:
where
V K = - ln VERR V V
To meet the conditions of these expressions and transient response, the ESR of the bulk capacitor bank (RX) should be less than two times the droop resistance, RO. If the CX(MIN) is larger than CX(MAX), the system will not meet the VID on-the-fly specification and may require the use of a smaller inductor or more phases (and may have to increase the switching frequency to keep the output ripple the same). For our example, 22 10F 1206 MLC capacitors (CZ = 220F) were used. The VID on-the-fly step change is 250mV in 150s with a setting error of 2.5mV. Solving for the bulk capacitance yields:
RB =
VVID - VONL I FB
1.5V - 1.480V = 1.33k 15A
(11)
RB =
The closest standard 1% resistor value is 1.33 k.
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21
FAN5019B
2 150s x1.5V x 3 x 4.6 x1.3m x 1+ -1 - 220F = 23.9mF 2 250mV x 650nH 3x 4.6 2 x (1.3m) x1.5V
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
C X ( MAX)
650nH x 250mV
650nH x 60A C X ( MIN ) - 220F = 6.45mF 3 x1.3m x1.5V
where K=4.6 Using eight 820F A1-Polys with a typical ESR of 8m, each yields CX = 6.56F with an RX = 1.0m. One last check should be made to ensure that the ESL of the bulk capacitors (LX) is low enough to limit the initial highfrequency transient spike. This can be tested using: for our example (65A maximum), we find RDS(SF) (per MOSFET) < 8.7m. This RDS(SF) is also at a junction temperature of about 125C, so we need to make sure we account for this when making this selection. For our example, we selected two lower side MOSFETs at 8.6m each at room temperature, which gives 8.4m at high temperature. Another important factor for the synchronous MOSFET is the input capacitance and feedback capacitance. The ratio of the feedback to input needs to be small (less than 10% is recommended), to prevent accidental turn-on of the synchronous MOSFETs when the switch node goes high. Also, the time to switch the synchronous MOSFETs off should not exceed the non-overlap dead time of the MOSFET driver (40ns typical for the FAN5009). The output impedance of the driver is about 2 and the typical MOSFET input gate resistances are about 1-2, so a total gate capacitance should be less than 6000pF. Since there are two MOSFETs in parallel, we should limit the input capacitance for each synchronous MOSFET to 3000pF. The high-side (main) MOSFET has to be able to handle two main power dissipation components; conduction and switching losses. The switching loss is related to the amount of time it takes for the main MOSFET to turn on and off, and to the current and voltage that are being switched. Basing the switching speed on the rise and fall time of the gate driver impedance and MOSFET input capacitance, the following expression provides an approximate value for the switching loss per main MOSFET, where nMF is the total number of main MOSFETs:
LX CZ x R O
2
(14)
2
LX 220 F x (1.3m ) = 372 pH
In this example, LX is 375pH for the eight A1-Poly capacitors, which satisfies this limitation. If the LX of the chosen bulk capacitor bank is too large, the number of MLC capacitors must be increased. Note: For this multi-mode control technique, "allceramic" designs can be used as long as the conditions of Equations 11, 12 and 13 are satisfied.
Power MOSFETs
For this example, the N-channel power MOSFETs have been selected for one high-side switch and two low-side switches per phase. The main selection parameters for the power MOSFETs are VGS(TH), QG, CISS, CRSS and RDS(ON). The minimum gate drive voltage (the supply voltage to the FAN5009) dictates whether standard threshold or logic-level threshold MOSFETs must be used. With VGATE ~10V, logic-level threshold MOSFETs (VGS(TH) < 2.5V) are recommended. The maximum output current IO determines the RDS(ON) requirement for the low-side (synchronous) MOSFETs. With the FAN5019B, currents are balanced between phases, thus the current in each low-side MOSFET is the output current divided by the total number of MOSFETs (nSF). With conduction losses being dominant, the following expression shows the total power being dissipated in each synchronous MOSFET in terms of the ripple current per phase (IR) and average total output current (IO):
PS ( MF ) = 2 x f SW x
VCC x I O n MF n MF x RG x n x C ISS
(16)
I 1 n x IR PSF = (1 - D ) x O + x n 12 n SF SF
2
2
x RDS ( SF )
(15)
Here, RG is the total gate resistance (2 for the FAN5009 and about 1 for typical high speed switching MOSFETs, making RG = 3) and CISS is the input capacitance of the main MOSFET. Adding more main MOSFETs (nMF) does not significantly help the switching loss per MOSFET since the additional gate capacitance slows down switching. The best way to reduce switching loss is to use lower gate capacitance devices. The conduction loss of the main MOSFET is given by the following, where RDS(MF) is the ON-resistance of the MOSFET:
I PC ( MF ) = D x O nMF
2 2 1 n x IR x RDS ( MF ) + x 12 n MF
Knowing the maximum output current being designed for and the maximum allowed power dissipation, one can find the required RDS(ON) for the MOSFET. For D-PAK MOSFETs up to an ambient temperature of 50C, a safe limit for PSF is 1W-1.5W at 125C junction temperature. Thus,
(17)
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PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
FAN5019B
Typically, for main MOSFETs, one wants the highest speed (low CISS) device, but these usually have higher ON-resistance. Select a device that meets the total power dissipation (about 1.5 W for a single D-PAK) when combining the switching and conduction losses. For our example, we have selected a Fairchild FD6696 as the main MOSFET (three total; nMF = 3), with a Ciss = 2058 pF (max) and RDS(MF) = 15m (max at TJ = 125C) and a Fairchild FDD6682 as the synchronous MOSFET (six total; nSF = 6), with Ciss = 2880pF (max) and RDS(SF) = 11.9m (max at TJ = 125C). The synchronous MOSFET Ciss is less than 3000 pF, satisfying that requirement. Solving for the power dissipation per MOSFET at IO = 65A and IR = 8.86A yields 1.24W for each synchronous MOSFET and 1.62W for each main MOSFET. These numbers work well considering there is usually more PCB area available for each main MOSFET versus each synchronous MOSFET. One last item to look at is the power dissipation in the driver for each phase. This is best described in terms of the QG for the MOSFETs and is given by the following, where QGMF is the total gate charge for each main MOSFET and QGSF is the total gate charge for each synchronous MOSFET:
VR =
AR x (1 - D ) x VVID RR x CR x f SW
(20)
VR =
0.2 x (1 - 0.125) x 1.5V = 0.765V 301k x 5 pF x 228kHz
The size of the internal ramp can be made larger or smaller. If it is made larger, stability and transient response will improve, but thermal balance will degrade. Likewise, if the ramp is made smaller, thermal balance will improve at the sacrifice of transient response and stability. The factor of three in the denominator of equation 19 sets a ramp size that gives an optimal balance for good stability, transient response, and thermal balance. COMP Pin Ramp There is a ramp signal on the COMP pin due to the droop voltage and output voltage ramps. This ramp amplitude adds to the internal ramp to produce the following overall ramp signal at the PWM input.
VRT = VR 2 x (1 - n x D ) 1 - n x f xC x R SW X O
(21)
f PDRV = SW x (nMF x QGMF + nSF x QGSF ) + I CC xVCC 2xn
(18)
Also shown is the standby dissipation factor (ICC times the VCC) for the driver. For the FAN5009, the maximum dissipation should be less than 400 mW. For our example, with ICC = 7 mA, QGMF = 24nC (max) and QGSF = 31nC (max), we find 202 mW in each driver, which is below the 400 mW dissipation limit. See the FAN5009 data sheet for more details. Ramp Resistor Selection The ramp resistor (RR) is used for setting the size of the internal PWM ramp. This resistor's value is chosen to provide the best combination of thermal balance, stability, and transient response. The following expression is used for determining the optimum value:
For this example, the overall ramp signal is found to be 0.974V. Current Limit Set Point To select the current limit set point, we need to find the resistor value for RLIM. The current limit threshold for the FAN5019B is set with a 3V source (VLIM) across RLIM with a gain of 10.4mV/mA (ALIM). RLIM can be found using the following:
RLIM =
ALIM x VLIM I LIM x RO
(22)
RR =
AR x L 3 x AD x RDS x C R
0.2 x 650nH = 291k 3 x 5 x 5.95m x 5 pF
(19)
For RLIM values greater than 500k, the current limit may be lower than expected, so some adjustment of RLIM may be needed. Here, ILIM is the average current limit for the output of the supply. For our example, choosing 120A for ILIM, we find RLIM to be 200k, for which we chose 200k as the nearest 1% value. The per phase current limit described earlier has its limit determined by the following:
I PHLIM VCOMP ( MAX ) - VR - VBIAS I R - 2 AD x RDS ( MAX )
(23)
RR =
where AR is the internal ramp amplifier gain, AD is the current balancing amplifier gain, RDS is the total low-side MOSFET ON-resistance, and CR is the internal ramp capacitor value. A close standard 1% resistor value is 301k. The internal ramp voltage magnitude can be calculated using:
For the FAN5019B, the maximum COMP voltage (VCOMP(MAX)) is 3.3 V, the COMP pin bias voltage (VBIAS) is 1.2V, and the current balancing amplifier gain (AD) is 5. Using VR of 0.765V, and RDS(MAX) of 5.95m (low-side ON-resistance at 125C), we find a per-phase limit of 40.44A. 23
REV. 1.0.0 Jul/15/05
FAN5019B
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
This limit can be adjusted by changing the ramp voltage VR. Do not set the per-phase limit lower than the average perphase current (ILIM/n). There is also a per phase initial duty cycle limit determined by:
TB = (1.0m + 0.6m - 1.3m ) x 6.56mF = 1.97s
A x RDS VRT x L - D 2 x f SW TC = VVID x RE
(28)
DMAX = D x
VCOMP ( MAX ) - VBIAS VRT
(24)
5 x 6.95m 0.974V x 650nH - 2 x 228kHz = 6.86 s TC = 1.5V x 55.3m
For this example, the maximum duty cycle is found to be 0.2696. Feedback Loop Compensation Design Optimized compensation of the FAN5019B allows the best possible response of the regulator's output to a load change. The basis for determining the optimum compensation is to make the regulator and output decoupling appear as an output impedance that is entirely resistive over the widest possible frequency range, including DC, and equal to the droop resistance (RO). With the resistive output impedance, the output voltage will droop in proportion with the load current at any load current slew rate; this ensures the optimal positioning and allows the minimization of the output decoupling. With the multimode feedback structure of the FAN5019B, the feedback compensation should be set to make the converter's output impedance work in conjunction with the output decoupling to meet this goal. The output inductor and decoupling capacitors (output filter) create several poles and zeros that require compensation. A type-III compensator on the voltage feedback is adequate for proper compensation of the output filter. The expressions given in Equations 25-29 are intended to yield an optimal starting point for the design; some adjustments may be necessary to account for PCB and component parasitic effects (see the Tuning Procedure for the FAN5019B section). The first step is to compute the time constants for all of the poles and zeros in the system:
RE = n x RO + AD x RDS + RL xVRT 2 x L x (1- n x D) xVRT + VVID n xCX x RO xVVID
TD =
2 C X x CZ x R O C X x (RO - R' ) + C Z x RO
2
(29)
TD =
6.56mF x 220 F x (1.3m ) = 500ns 6.56mF x (1.3m - 0.6m ) + 220F x 1.3m
where, for the FAN5019B, R' is the PCB resistance from the bulk capacitors to the ceramics and where RDS is approximately the total low-side MOSFET ON resistance per phase at 25C. For this example, AD is 5, VRT equals 0.974V, R' is approximately 0.6m (assuming a 4-layer motherboard) and LX is 375pH for the eight Al-Poly capacitors. The compensation values can then be solved using the following equations:
CA = n x RO x TA RE x RB
3 x 1.3m x 4.79s = 253 pF 55.3m x 1.33k
TC 6.86s = = 27.1k C A 253 pF
TB 1.97 s = = 1.48nF RB 1.33k
(31) (30)
CA =
RA =
CB =
(32)
C FB =
TD 500ns = = 18.5 pF RA 27.1k
(33)
(25)
RE = 3 x 1.3m + 5 x 5.95m +
1.6m x 0.974V 2 x 650 nH x (1 - 0.375 ) x 0.974V + = 55 .3m 1.5V 3 x 6.56 mF x 1.3m x 1.5V
TA = C X x (RO - R' ) +
LX RO - R' x RO RX
(26)
TA = 6.56mF x (1.3m - 0.6m ) +
375 pH 1.3m - 0.6m x = 4.79 s 1.3m 1.0m
TB = (RX + R'- RO ) x C X
(27)
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REV. 1.0.0 Jul/15/05
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
FAN5019B
Choosing the closest standard values for these components yields: CA = 390pF, RA = 16.9k, CB = 1.5nF, and CFB = 33pF. CIN Selection and Input Current di/dt Reduction In continuous inductor-current mode, the source current of the high-side MOSFET is approximately a square wave with a duty ratio equal to n (VOUT/VIN) and an amplitude of onenth of the maximum output current. To prevent large voltage transients, use a low ESR input capacitor sized for the maximum rms current. The maximum rms capacitor current is given by:
Tuning Procedure for the FAN5019B
DC Load Line Setting
1. Build a circuit based on compensation values computed from the design spreadsheet. Hook up DC load to circuit, turn on and verify operation. Also check for jitter at no-load and full-load. Measure output voltage at no-load (VNL). Verify it is within tolerance.
100
2.
3.
80 EFFICIENCY (%)
60
40
20
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
Figure 7. Efficiency vs. Output Current (Circuit of Figure 5) Figure 6. Typical Transient Response for Design Example
4.
I CRMS = D x I O x 1 -1 nxD 1 - 1 = 10.5 A 3 x 0.125
(34)
Measure output voltage at full-load cold (VFLCOLD). Let board soak for ~10 minutes at full-load and measure output (VFLHOT). If there is a change of more than a couple of millivolts, adjust RCS1 and RCS2 using Equations 35 and 37. Repeat Step 4 until cold and hot voltage measurements remain the same. Measure output voltage from no-load to full-load using 5 Amp steps. Compute the loadline slope for each change and then average to get overall loadline slope (ROMEAS). If ROMEAS is off from RO by more than 0.05 m, use the following to adjust the RPH values:
I CRMS = 0.125 x 65 A x
5.
Note that the capacitor manufacturer's ripple current ratings are often based on only 2000 hours of life. This makes it advisable to further derate the capacitor, or to choose a capacitor rated at a higher temperature than required. Several capacitors may be placed in parallel to meet size or height requirements in the design. In this example, the input capacitor bank is formed by three 2200F, 16V Nichicon capacitors with a ripple current rating of 3.5A each. To reduce the input-current di/dt to below the recommended maximum of 0.1A/s, insert an additional small inductor (L > 1H @ 15A) between the converter and the supply bus. That inductor also acts as a filter between the converter and the primary power source.
6.
7.
RPH ( NEW ) = RPH (OLD ) x
8.
ROMEAS RO
(36)
Repeat Steps 6 and 7 to check loadline and repeat adjustments if necessary. Once the DC loadline adjustment is completed, do not change RPH, RCS1, RCS2, or RTH for the rest of procedure.
(V - VFLCOLD ) RCS 2( NEW ) = RCS 2(OLD ) x NL (VNL - VFLHOT )
9.
(35)
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25
FAN5019B
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
RCS ( NEW ) =
RCS1(OLD) x RTH ( 25o C ) + (RCS 2(OLD) - RCS 2( NEW ) )x RCS1(OLD) - RTH ( 25o C )
1 RCS ( OLD) + RTH ( 25o C )
(
)- R
1
(37)
TH ( 25o C )
10. Measure the output ripple at no-load and full-load with a scope and make sure it is within spec. AC Loadline Setting 11. Remove DC load from circuit and hook up dynamic load. 12. Hook up scope to output voltage and set to DC coupling with a time scale at 100s/div. 13. Set dynamic load for a transient step of approximately 40A at 1kHz with 50% duty cycle. 14. Measure the output waveform (may have to use DC offset on scope to see waveform). Try to use a vertical scale of 100 mV/div or finer. 15. You will see a waveform that looks something like Figure 8. Use the horizontal cursors to measure VACDRP and VDCDRP as shown. NOTE: DO NOT MEASURE THE UNDERSHOOT OR OVERSHOOT THAT HAPPENS IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE STEP.
100
18. Set the dynamic load step to the maximum step size (do not use a step size larger than needed) and verify that the output waveform is square (which means VACDRP and VDCDRP are equal). NOTE: MAKE SURE LOAD STEP SLEW RATE AND TURN-ON ARE SET FOR A SLEW RATE OF ~150-250A/s (for example, a load step of 50A should take 200ns-300ns) WITH NO OVERSHOOT. Some dynamic loads will have an excessive turn-on overshoot if a minimum current is not set properly (this is an issue if using a VTT tool). Initial Transient Setting 19. With dynamic load still set at maximum step size, expand the scope time scale to see 2s/div to 5s/div. You will see a waveform that may have two overshoots and one minor undershoot (see Figure 9). Here, VDROOP is the final desired value.
80 EFFICIENCY (%)
60
40
20
Figure 9. Transient Setting Waveform
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 OUTPUT CURRENT (A)
Figure 8. AC Loadline Waveform
20. If both overshoots are larger than desired, try making the following adjustments in this order. (NOTE: If these adjustments do not change the response, you are limited by the output decoupling.) Check the output response each time you make a change as well as the switching nodes (to make sure it is still stable). a. Make ramp resistor larger by 25% (RRAMP). b. For VTRAN1, increase CB or increase switching frequency. c. For VTRAN2, increase RA and decrease CA by 25%. 21. For load release (see Figure 10), if VTRANREL is larger than VTRAN1 (see Figure 9), you do not have enough output capacitance. You will either need more capacitance or need to make the inductor values smaller (if you change inductors, you need to start the design over using the spreadsheet and this tuning procedure).
16. If the VACDRP and VDCDRP are different by more than a couple of millivolts, use Equation 38 to adjust CCS. You may need to parallel different values to get the right one since there are limited standard capacitor values available (it is a good idea to have locations for two capacitors in the layout for this).
CCS ( NEW ) = CCS (OLD ) x
VACDRP VDCDRP
(38)
17. Repeat Steps 11 to 13 and repeat adjustments if necessary. Once complete, do not change CCS for the rest of the procedure.
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REV. 1.0.0 Jul/15/05
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
FAN5019B
General Recommendations * For good results, at least a four-layer PCB is recommended. This should allow the needed versatility for control circuitry interconnections with optimal placement, power planes for ground, input, and output power, and wide interconnection traces in the rest of the power delivery current paths. Keep in mind that each square unit of 1 ounce copper trace has a resistance of ~0.53 m at room temperature. * Whenever high currents must be routed between PCB layers, vias should be used liberally to create several parallel current paths so that the resistance and inductance introduced by these current paths is minimized and the via current rating is not exceeded.
Figure 10. Transient Setting Waveform
Since the FAN5019B turns off all of the phases (switches inductors to ground), there is no ripple voltage present during load release. Thus, you do not have to add headroom for ripple, allowing your load release VTRANREL to be larger than VTRAN1 by that amount and still be meeting spec. If VTRAN1 and VTRANREL are less than the desired final droop, this implies that capacitors can be removed. When removing capacitors, check the output ripple voltage as well to ensure it is still within spec.
* If critical signal lines (including the output voltage sense lines of the FAN5019B) must cross through power circuitry, it is best if a signal ground plane can be interposed between those signal lines and the traces of the power circuitry to serves as a shield to minimize noise injection into the signals.. * Use an analog ground plane both around and under the FAN5019B for ground connections to the components associated with the controller. Tie this plane to the nearest output decoupling capacitor ground and not to any other power circuitry to prevent power currents from flowing in it. * Connect the components around the FAN5019B close to the controller with short traces. The most important traces to keep short and away from other traces are the FB and CSSUM pins. * Connect the output capacitors as close as possible to the load (or connector) that receives the power (e.g., a microprocessor core). If the load is distributed, the capacitors should also be distributed, and generally in proportion to where the load tends to be more dynamic. Power Circuitry * Route the switching power path on the PCB to encompass the shortest possible length in order to minimize radiated switching noise energy (i.e., EMI) and conduction losses in the board. Failure to take proper precautions often results in EMI problems for the entire PC system as well as noise related operational problems in the power converter control circuitry. The switching power path is the loop formed by the current path through the input capacitors and the power MOSFETs including all interconnecting PCB traces and planes. The use of short and wide interconnection traces is especially critical in this path for two reasons: it minimizes the inductance in the switching loop, which can cause high-energy ringing, and it accommodates the high current demand with minimal voltage loss. Avoid crossing any signal lines over the switching power path loop, described below.
Layout and Component Placement
The following guidelines are recommended for optimal performance of a switching regulator in a PC system. Key layout issues are illustrated in Figure 11.
Figure 11. Layout Recommendations
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27
FAN5019B
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
* Whenever a power dissipating component (e.g., a power MOSFET) is soldered to a PCB, the liberal use of vias, both directly on the mounting pad and immediately surrounding it, is recommended. Two important reasons for this are: improved current rating through the vias, and improved thermal performance from vias extended to the opposite side of the PCB where a plane can more readily transfer the heat to the air. To achieve the best thermal dissipation to the air around the board, make a mirror image of any pad being used to heatsink the MOSFETs on the opposite side of the PCB . To further improve thermal performance, use the largest possible pad area. * Route the output power path to encompass a short distance. The output power path is formed by the current path through the inductor, the output capacitors, and the load. * For best EMI containment, use a solid power ground plane as one of the inner layers extending fully under all the power components.
Signal Circuitry * The output voltage is sensed and regulated between the FB pin and the FBRTN pin (which connects to the signal ground at the load). To avoid differential mode noise pickup in the sensed signal, the loop area should be small. Thus the FB and FBRTN traces should be routed adjacent to each other atop the power ground plane back to the controller. * Connect the feedback traces from the switch nodes as close as possible to the inductor. Connect the CSREF signal to the output voltage at the nearest inductor to the controller.
28
REV. 1.0.0 Jul/15/05
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
FAN5019B
Mechanical Dimensions
28-Pin TSSOP
-A- 9.7 0.1 0.51 TYP 28 15 -B- 4.16 4.4 0.1 6.4 3.2 14 PIN # 1 IDENT LAND PATTERN RECOMMENDATION 1.2 MAX 0.1 C ALL LEAD TIPS 0.90 -0.10
+0.15
BA 0.2 ALL Lead Tips
1.78
0.65
0.42
See Detail A 0.09-0.20
-C- 0.65 0.19-0.30 0.13
0.10 0.05 AB C 12.00 Top & Botom
R0.16 GAGE PLANE DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS 0-8 R0.31 .025
NOTES:
0.61 0.1 1.00
SEATING PLANE
A. Conforms to JEDEC registration MO-153, variation AB, Ref. Note 6, dated 7/93. B. Dimensions are in millimeters. C. Dimensions are exclusive of burrs, mold flash, and tie bar extensions. D Dimensions and Tolerances per ANsI Y14.5M, 1982
DETAIL A
7.72
REV. 1.0.0 Jul/15/05
29
FAN5019B
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
Ordering Information
Part Number FAN5019BMTCX Temperature Range 0C to +85C Pb Free Yes Package TSSOP-28 Packing Tape and Reel
DISCLAIMER FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MAKE CHANGES WITHOUT FURTHER NOTICE TO ANY PRODUCTS HEREIN TO IMPROVE RELIABILITY, FUNCTION OR DESIGN. FAIRCHILD DOES NOT ASSUME ANY LIABILITY ARISING OUT OF THE APPLICATION OR USE OF ANY PRODUCT OR CIRCUIT DESCRIBED HEREIN; NEITHER DOES IT CONVEY ANY LICENSE UNDER ITS PATENT RIGHTS, NOR THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS. LIFE SUPPORT POLICY FAIRCHILD'S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT OF FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein: 1. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body, or (b) support or sustain life, and (c) whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury of the user.
www.fairchildsemi.com Jul/15/05 0.0m 005 Stock#DS30005019 (c) 2003 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
2. A critical component in any component of a life support device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness.

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